Crime in Chicago
McClure's Magazine for April published the result of a
careful investigation
of the government of Chicago. It now publishes the following
article, giving a
picture of the conditions of life in Chicago, which have
developed as the
natural result of such a government. It would be impossible to
secure a more
authentic description of these conditions. This portrayal of
them is not made
by one man, or by an investigator who spent merely a few weeks
or months in
the study of local affairs; it is the work of scores of
well-trained observers
of life in Chicago, many of whom have spent years in learning
the ways of the
city, and all of whom have every reason to understate rather
than exaggerate
the conditions they describe. The indictment of the civilization
of that city,
given herewith, is not only most serious in itself; it is made
doubly
impressive by its sources. -- Editor.
The epidemic of crime with which the year 1906 opened in Chicago
aroused the
citizens to a degree of indignation almost unprecedented in its
history.
During the twenty-four hours ending at ten o'clock on the night
of January
6th, tragedy of almost unparalleled enormity held sway in
Chicago and its
immediate vicinity. The list of "bloody Saturday's" crimes and
casualties
comprised two murders, two probable murders, seven suicides -
two of those who
took their lives were men who brutally slew women they professed
to love -
five deaths by explosion, and five from other violent causes. As
an added
gruesome circumstance, a murderer was sentence to be hanged.
"Human life," said a public prosecutor, "is the cheapest thing
in Chicago."
On January 12th murder - once more with an inoffensive woman as
the victim,
and this crime more atrocious than any of a startling series
that preceded it -
again laid hold of Chicago. The latest victim was Mrs. Franklin
C. Hollister,
thirty years old, church singer and religious worker, who left
home in the
afternoon to sing at a funeral, and whose body was found the
next morning on a
heap of refuse in an enclosure behind a high board-fence at 368
Belden Avenue.
A coil of copper tightly encircling the woman's throat, several
bruises upon
the face, torn and disheveled garments, and disordered hair told
the police at
once of a fiendishly brutal murder.
After this crime a general feeling of apprehension passed over
the city. All
the influence of the local churches was put forth in an effort
to rouse
citizens to a realization of the criminal menace which
overshadowed Chicago.
The subject was of all-absorbing interest in the community. The
sense of
outrage welled up everywhere. In Lake View, on the north side,
there was talk
by residents of leaving the city, so terrified had they become
over the danger
to themselves and their families. "It has come to a point," said
a business
man, in an informal meeting of citizens to discuss the hold-ups,
murders, and
crimes in this section, "where no one is safe -- especially our
wives and
children."
Private Police Force Organized
Indeed, fearing for the safety of their women-folk in another
residence
quarter of the city, where police protection was inadequate,
husbands and
fathers in Sheridan Park and Buena Park initiated a cooperative
system of
defense. A vigilance service was established under the name of
the Sheridan
Park Protective Patrol, which furnished uniformed guards for
unattended women
to and from street cars and the elevated stations, and to and
from the markets
and stores of the neighborhood. In addition, day and night
protection of
premises was furnished, and instruction in the safe-guarding of
property and
in dealing with burglars was given for the special benefit of
defenseless
women.
It was the testimony of hundreds of women living in this part of
the city that
they had never seen a policeman pass the house. Those living on
a business
thoroughfare like Halsted Street or Evanston Avenue, or those
within view of a
patrol box were the only persons accorded this novel sight; the
residence
streets themselves were practically unprotected.
"It's got so now, you have to watch for daylight burglars just
as much as the
night kind," said Captain Richard Levis, who was in charge of
the Sheridan
Park Patrol. "They don't work alone or in pairs, necessarily;
they are getting
so strong they work in threes and fours and bring a wagon.
Sometimes the
people in the surrounding flats see four husky men moving out
the furniture of
the family on the ground floor and stacking it in a wagon in an
alley. The
next day they are surprised to hear that the 'movers' were
burglars."
Captain Levis gave out the following series of "Don'ts for
Defenseless Women":
"Don't let mail accumulate in vestibule mail boxes. Have the
janitor remove it
when you are away, or it will serve as a notice to flat workers
that you are
out and the coast is clear.
"Don't leave directions to your grocer on the back door. This is
another tip
to the burglar that you are out.
"Don't open the door to any one after dark without knowing who
it is. Call
through the tube or ask behind the locked door.
"Don't trust a stranger because he is well dressed. The
immaculate thief is
dangerous; the ragged one is generally harmless.
"Don't trust the locks. Most apartment locks are toys; a burglar
can 'jimmy'
them in half a minute without noise. Get special bolts.
"Don't leave the house without making sure all the windows are
fastened. Leave
all curtains up with possible exception of bedroom. This often
fools a burglar.
"Don't be impolite to a burglar if you find one in the house.
Invite him to
take it all, and the first chance you get, run to a neighbor and
call the
police.
"Don't scream in the presence of a burglar or hold-up man. If he
is an
amateur, he may lose his presence of mind and hurt you.
Don't walk close to a building after dark; give an alley a good
margin."
Women in Danger on the Streets
The chief alarm was over the great number of attacks on women.
It has ever
been our proudest boast as a people that in this country woman
is respected
and protected as she is in no other. That boast was becoming an
empty one in
Chicago. Women had not only been annoyed and insulted in great
numbers on the
streets, within a very short time, but many of them had been
robbed, and not a
few had been murdered. In the year before the Hollister tragedy
there were
seventeen murders of women in Chicago, which attracted the
attention of the
city.
The danger of attack and insult from rough characters, which an
unprotected
woman runs in venturing upon the streets of Chicago after
nightfall, is great.
From an investigation made by the Tribune at this time, it
appeared that
scores of these outrages upon unattended women had taken place
recently in
certain quarters of the city. The public did not hear of them
because the
police effectually suppressed the news of them. Furthermore, it
appeared that
reports of attacks on women were dismissed practically without
investigation
or attempts to bring the malefactors to justice. In the case of
Mrs. Bertha
Tyorka, who died January 15th as the result of a brutal assault,
although all
the details of the attack were reported two hours after its
occurrence, no
action was taken by the police until two hours after her death
two days later.
Efforts were then made to keep the real cause of her death a
secret, and the
report of "sudden death" was sent to the Health Department.
Plague Spots and Nurseries of Crime
It is not without reason that Chicago has gained the unwelcome
reputation of
being a paradise for criminals. The influx of outside crooks
with desperate
records is steady, and about equal to the exodus of those who
have turned a
trick and slipped out, to remain under cover in some other city
until the
noise over their crime has subsided.
In addition to this, the facilities for breeding the local
criminal in Chicago
are extraordinary. For example, in the territory bounded on the
east by the
Chicago River, on the west by Wood Street, on the north by
Harrison, and on
the south by 16th Street, murderers, robbers, and thieves of the
worst kind
are born, reared, and grown to maturity in numbers which far
exceed the record
of any similar district anywhere on the face of the globe.
Murders by the
score, shooting and stabbing affrays by the hundred, assaults,
burglaries, and
robberies by the thousand, - such is the crime record of each
year for this
festering place of evil which lies a scant mile from the heart
of Chicago. It
is here that the locally notorious Mortell McGraw faction won
the record for
killing officers in fight after fight; and here that the McCalls
lived, who
defied the law, until five years ago. When it is told that
children six years
old are often arrested for participating in burglaries, it will
readily be
seen that no great time elapses between the exit from the cradle
to the
entrance to the felon's cell.
Another plague-spot is the 38th police precinct, which is
bounded by Division
Street and the Lake on the east. In the first fifty-one days of
1906, 872
arrests were made there, and ten per cent of this total were of
serious
offenders, charged with crimes exceeding misdemeanors. In this
precinct there
were then 386 saloons. With an estimated population of 31,164 in
the precinct,
the saloons reached one for every eighty residents, and this
included women
and children. The most dangerous hold-up point in Chicago is in
this section,
the Clark Street bridge over the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad
yards. In one
instance of a hold-up in this vicinity, one of the two stick-up
men remarked,
as they turned to leave their victim, "He's trying to remember
us; let's give
him the guns." They gave him the guns; and he only escaped with
his life by
simulating a death-agony.
Vice and depravity are openly traded in as a commodity in
Chicago, and the
streets of a district traversed daily by at least one-third of
the city's
population are its marketplace. The district is bounded by
Sangamon, Halsted,
Lake, and Monroe Streets and is known as the West Side levee.
This public
emporium of immorality and degradation exists by virtue of a
regularly
organized "protective association," whose members laugh at law,
successfully
defy those who have tried to cope with them, and, through some
mysterious
influence, are enabled to continue their traffic with a license
and abandon
that makes of the West Side levee as an open brothel.
In the section known as "Little Hell," a network of dives, grimy
hotels, and
concert halls, lying between LaSalle Avenue, and the river on
the north side,
is another center of evil. Here officers supposed to patrol
beats are found
drinking openly with white-aproned bartenders after closing
hours. On the
south side orgies go on until four and five o'clock in the
morning, and
policemen are seen in the saloons. Police Chief Collins admits
that he is
unable to obtain from his subordinates concerning the extent to
which the
saloon-closing ordinance is violated.
In various sections of the city "rowdy gangs" of boys and young
men collect in
crowds on corners to scuffle and fight among themselves and
insult and annoy
others. They range from little groups of boys belonging to
respectable
families, who gather on the sidewalks and make impudent remarks
to, and throw
dirt upon, passers-by, to crews of youth of low bringing-up,
whom vicious
dives, debased associates, and depraved and rowdy habits have
fitted for the
most odious and desperate crimes.
Talk of Vigilantes and Lynchings
The movement to change existing conditions centered, during the
late winter,
upon an effort to increase the size of the police force. "We
need a thousand
more men," said Chief Collins, "to protect the life and property
of citizens
adequately." This was generally recognized to be true. Even in
the most
populous and frequented districts, a policeman was a rare sight.
Nobody had a
sense of security in the street, either in the business district
or the
residence quarters.
"The way things are going now" - said Alderman Kohout, who
championed the
cause of a larger force, to the city council, "how many more
murders like that
of Mrs. Hollister are you going to have? I tell you this is an
emergency -
more of an emergency than that of last summer, when we added to
the police
force during the teamsters' strike. Is not the virtue and the
honor of your
mother or sister more important than escorting a lumber wagon
through the
streets of Chicago?"
In the meanwhile crime continued. On the night of February 27th
five Chicago
women were set upon and beaten by highwaymen, and some of them
robbed. On the
same day the Grand Jury returned indictments against four
persons for murder
and against seventy-one for assaults to kill or to do bodily
injury, for
burglary, and for robbery. The men who were caught by the police
and indicted
for robbery and burglary were outnumbered by the men who had
committed these
offenses and had not been caught by the police. The Grand Jury
believed the
condition called for searching inquiry.
The people, goaded to desperation by the brutal attacks of thugs
on weak
women, talked of organizing for their own protection. The police
did not catch
or scare the criminals; they neither prevented crime nor caught
the criminals
to punish them. The people saw no hope in them and turned to the
thought of
vigilantes and lynching as a last resort.
A Murder Every Other Day
There was no marked betterment in the conditions through the
spring, and in
May there was another "wave of crime." And with the renewal of
outbreaks of
thuggery against women, in the public streets of Chicago, there
came again
talk of movements to hold indignation meetings and of vigilance
committees.
At this time the startling assertion made by Attorney Mackenzie
Cleland, in an
address on the prevalence of murder and other crimes in Chicago,
called forth
denials from official sources. Mr. Cleland estimated that a
burglary was
committed in the city every three hours, a hold-up every six
hours, a suicide
every day, and a murder every day. Assistant State's Attorney
Olsen said these
figures were greatly in error in some particulars. Coroner
Hoffman pointed out
that the statistics as to murders of his office showed that
during the first
one hundred and twenty days of the year there had been only
fifty-seven
murders in Chicago. However, a city that had fifty-seven murders
in one
hundred and twenty days - practically one murder every other day
- had no
reason to feel relieved. The plain truth which Chicago had to
face was, that
lawlessness and criminality were still wide-spread, and that as
yet the legal
agencies for preventing crime were not sufficiently effective.
Attention was naturally called again to the police force. When
the previous
series of atrocious crimes against women roused the people of
Chicago in the
late winter to insist that their government really govern, the
City Hall had
declared that the police force was too small, and that if the
city had only a
thousand more policemen, women could go about unmolested by
lustful thugs, and
human life could be made passably safe in Chicago. The City Hall
had been
provided the money to pay more policemen, and it had the
thousand more or was
getting them. Yet there was another "reign of crime," with "the
drag-net
out," - but catching nothing, - and so again the necessity for
more
indignation meetings and vigilante committees. A list of the
criminals who
have committed dreadful crimes in Chicago and have slipped
through the fingers
of the detectives would make a good-sized book and be a shameful
record of
incompetence. The department not only does not pursue criminals;
it is openly
charged with protecting them and sharing their gains.
The most searching inquiry ever made into police conditions was
that conducted
three years ago by Captain Piper, a man of West Point training,
and formerly
assistant deputy-commissioner of police in New York. Captain
Piper evinced the
proper attitude toward the whole subject by directing his
investigation
primarily to the question of what patrolmen were actually doing
on their
beats, and he discovered there a condition of actual chaos and
neglect. He
found that the whole matter of patrolling beats was the subject
of a
systematic pretense - that officers simply left saloons and
other loafing
places long enough to pull their boxes at the proper time, and
then
disappeared until time to pull them again.
"Official Highwaymen and Thieves"
During the summer and frequency of hold-ups and assaults abated,
as it usually
does with the large exodus of criminal population into the
country. The most
interesting event in police circles was the trial of Inspector
Patrick J.
Lavin on the charge of having directed the robbery of the
jewelry store of
Bernard J. Hagaman, of Wentworth Avenue, in 1901, for which
Patrick P.
Mahoney, a patrolmen under Lavin, had been sent to the
penitentiary. The
Inspector was acquitted of this charge, but immediately after
resigned from
the force. A letter to the Civil Service Commissioners, giving
the desk-
sargeant's view of this trial, spoke of certain commanding
officers in the
police department as "official highwaymen and thieves." "They
are cruel and
desperate as a man-eating tiger," the letter continued; "they
stop at nothing,
not even at death, to revenge themselves on any member of the
department who
is opposed to them. Get rid of this band of official highwaymen
and give the
honest policeman a chance to redeem Chicago and himself in the
eyes of the
civilized world."
Annual Winter Harvest of Crime
In spite of the increased police force, by the middle of October
Chicago's
annual winter harvest of crime was on in earnest. Thugs,
burglars, thieves,
and murderers were gathering in from all parts of the country
and plying their
trade almost openly. The city again abounded in loafers and
thugs well known
to the slum politicians. The records showed that crime had not
diminished in
the least. On the contrary, at the beginning of the winter there
were more
criminals in Chicago than were ever before, and the police
showed themselves
totally unable to cope with them.
"Don't Shop After Dark"
There was a small army of purse-snatchers and pickpockets who
came into the
business district with the crowds at Christmas time. Chief of
Police Collins
gave, among others, the following prescriptions for women
shoppers, who should
be attacked by one or more of these:
"Don't let the hold-up man scare you to death; keep your wits
and forget to
faint, and the chances are that you will not lose your
pocketbook.
"Keep your wits about you at every moment while you are in the
crush.
"Don't linger about the counters of the stores.
"Don't scream if you find your purse is being snatched in one of
the big
stores; it only creates a panic and gives the thief an
opportunity to
disappear.
"Don't wait too long before starting for home; there are more
hold-ups after
dark than in the daytime."
An Invasion of Tramps
In January of this year, in spite of all the agitation for law
and order, the
influx of rough characters to the city reached a record height.
More than
20,000 men, including beggars, tramps, and nomadic workmen,
attracted to
Chicago by the open winter, were thronging the streets and
choking the cheap
lodging-houses. Crimes by street beggars included the beating
down of a
citizen with a piece of gas-pipe by a tramp, because he was
refused alms, and
setting fire to a dwelling by another man for the same reason.
Men of this
class were present in hordes; the streets were filled with
tramps; and keepers
of the cheap lodging-houses reported that the number of their
guests was the
largest ever known at that time of year.
Hunting Women as a Sport
The dangers of the Chicago streets, which result from these
conditions, are
described by Mrs. W. C. H. Keough, a member of the Chicago Board
of Education,
in an article contributed to the Chicago Tribune, discussing the
assaults on
women in 1906. She says:
"Hunting women and hitting them on the head with a piece of
gas-pipe seems to
be the favorite sport of the Chicago Man. The man lies in wait
for his prey as
an East Indian hunter awaits the approach of a tigress. It is
considered rare
evidence of sportsmanship to capture the prey near her home,
just as it is
regarded as proof of supreme skill when the hunter slays the
tigress near her
lair.
"It is time," continues Mrs. Keough, "for Chicago women to
arouse themselves
from the lethargy and demand protection from the city against
the men who hunt
down helpless women on the public streets. It seems to be
becoming a mere
pastime for rowdies, hoodlums, and thugs to attack and insult
women on
residential streets, inadequately or inefficiently patroled by
police. These
ruffians engage in hunting women as sportsmen go out into the
forests to bag
wild game. They walk for hours along unprotected, shadowy
streets, looking for
their victims. When they sight a lonely woman, unattended, and
powerless to
defend herself against the brute force of sinewy arms, they take
up the trail.
They follow her until, unawares, she walks into the darkness of
a deep shadow
on a street that is asleep. Then they spring upon her as a
hunter springs from
ambush when his prey has come within range of his rifle.
"Sometimes they hit her on the head with a bludgeon; sometimes
they hold a
cloth, saturated with chloroform, to her nostrils; sometimes
they bind and gag
her and carry her into the seclusion of an alley shed; sometimes
they strike
her with their bare fists or brass knuckles. It makes little
difference which
method they use. They attack her, beat her, leave her senseless
on the street,
or kill her.
"Generally she resists, and they kill her. Often they shoot her
down without
warning, as a man rises from his boat among the tall grasses and
brings down a
duck. After they have 'bagged' - using the term of the huntsman
- they kill
her, rob her, or do worse than rob. "Then what do they do?
Enjoying the
absolute protection afforded them by the existence of an
inadequate and
inefficient police force, they walk away from the scene of their
crime as
unmolested as a hunter returning to camp with his spoils. The
dead body is
found; or the attacked woman, if Divine mercy stays the hand of
death, returns
to consciousness and proceeds slowly, haltingly, painfully to
her home. All
the way home - whether she is a block away or a mile - she does
not perhaps
meet another person, scarcely ever does she encounter a
policeman. At home,
between sobs and the palpitations of her fluttering heart, she
tells her
story, - a story of being hunted on a public street of the
second largest city
in the freest country on earth - hunted like a dog.
"The police are notified. Sleuths are set hither and thither. A
suspect is
arrested. He proves an alibi and is discharged from custody;
another arrest
and another alibi. That is the way it goes.
"The hunters engage in their 'sport' unmolested. It is cheaper
to hunt women
in Chicago than to kick a stray dog or beat a heaving horse. The
risk of being
caught and fined is not so great. It is easier to hunt women in
the streets of
Chicago than to hunt game in the closed season. There is no
danger of meeting
the game warden. Hunting women seems to be growing in favor as a
sport in
Chicago.
"The cry that women should not go unaccompanied along the
streets of Chicago
at night is a cry to which every woman should turn a deaf ear.
It should be
remembered that thousands upon thousands of women in Chicago are
compelled by
their financial conditions to go out into the world and put
their shoulders to
the task of earning a living. Thousands of women are employed at
occupations
which call them from their homes after nightfall; few in
Chicago's great army
of women workers are able to get home from the shops and
factories and offices
where they are employed until after dusk. They cannot obey the
injunctions to
remain indoors after dark without giving up hope of earning a
living. They
must be out after dark. Protection must be afforded them. It is
an easy matter
for the woman of leisure to stay at home when her husband cannot
go out with
her. It is easy for this woman to advise her sisters to stay
within the
protective walls of their homes if they want to escape violence
at the hands
of the hoodlums that infest the streets. The club-woman, the
society woman,
the woman of husband and family, the woman in comfortable
circumstances must
outreach in a helping hand to the less fortunate sister who
cannot afford to
stay at home, no matter at what peril or at what cost she
ventures out."
The foregoing article is constructed entirely of extracts from
Chicago
newspapers, covering a period of about fourteen months. These
extracts are
selected from the large amount of material which has been
printed in that
time, concerning the prevalence of crime in that city, and the
alarm created
by it. They have been given verbatim. They are not garbled, nor
are they the
most terrible that can be found. Chicago has an able, clean,
and, generally
speaking, a non-sensational press. This is a picture of Chicago
as presented
by those newspapers. Following will be found the origin of every
paragraph in
the article:
Paragraph 1, Tribune, January 16; Record Herald, January 7.
Paragraph 2,
Tribune, February 25. Paragraph 3, Record Herald, January 14.
Paragraph 4,
Tribune, February 5; Record Herald, February 23; Record Herald,
January 14.
PRIVATE POLICE FORCE ORGANIZED: - Tribune, February 5.
WOMEN IN DANGER ON THE STREETS: - Paragraph 1, Inter-Ocean,
February 10;
Record Herald, January 14. Paragraph 2, Tribune, February 5;
Tribune, January
17.
PLAGUE SPOTS AND NURSERIES OF CRIME: - Paragraph 1, Tribune,
February 25.
Paragraph 2, Tribune, February 11. Paragraph 3, Tribune, March
18. Paragraph
4, News, October 22. Paragraph 5, Tribune, January 30, Paragraph
6, Tribune,
January 17. Paragraph 7, Tribune, February 14; Record Herald,
February 14;
Tribune, February 14.
TALK OF VIGILANTES AND LYNCHINGS: - Paragraph 1, Tribune,
January 18; Tribune,
February 14. Paragraph 2, Tribune, January 16. Paragraph 4,
Tribune, March 1.
Paragraph 5, Record Herald, February 23.
A MURDER EVERY OTHER DAY: - Paragraph 1, Inter-Ocean, May 14.
Paragraph 2,
Record Herald, May 17. Paragraph 3, Inter-Ocean, May 14;
Chronicle, August 15
and October 2. Paragraph 4, Tribune, January 18.
OFFICIAL HIGHWAYMEN AND THIEVES: - Journal, October 15.
ANNUAL WINTER HARVEST OF CRIME: - Journal, October 20 and
November 23; Inter-
Ocean, November 10; Journal, November 28.
"DON'T SHOP AFTER DARK": - Record Herald, December 17.
AN INVASION OF TRAMPS: - News, January 11, 1907; Post, January
11, 1907;
Tribune, January 12, 1907.
HUNTING WOMEN AS A SPORT: - Tribune, February 11.
Editorial Note:
McClure's Magazine, in this and in the preceding number, has
presented two
portrayals of life in Chicago. The first was a study of its
system of civil
government and its results; the second an account, taken
entirely from its own
reputable newspapers, of the conditions which exist as the fruit
of that
system. The matter was summed up editorially last year by the
Chicago Tribune:
Chicago has become a "snug" harbor for criminals. The tramp of
the fields, the
desperate characters from the Lake ports and other cities come
here to ply
their trade in winter. Chicago has come to be known over the
country as a bad
town for men of good character and a good town for men of bad
character.
The reason for this condition is vicious political influence in
the
administration of justice. On February 2nd the grand jury, while
discussing
the prevalence of gambling-houses and disorderly saloons in the
city
declared: "It is our deliberate judgment that such a brazen
exhibition of
lawlessness cannot continue without official connivance."
The system which brings about this maladministration is
perfectly well
understood in Chicago. It is discussed continually in the
editorials of its
daily papers. The Inter-Ocean says, for instance: If Chief of
Police Collins
is really determined to chase out the loafer and the thug, it
need not take
all winter to accomplish it. It can be done speedily, if the
officers and men
of the police department are first convinced that the doing of
it will not
bring punishment to them rather than reward. The city abounds in
loafers and
thugs well known to the police. The fact that they are
"well-known" to the
police as loafers and thugs, while favorably known to the slum
politicians,
must not be permitted to deter the men on the police force from
performing
their duty. Family, social, and political connections with the
loafers and
thugs must be ignored if Chief Collins is really intends to
redeem the city
from the reign of the confidence man, the footpad, the
highwayman, and the
burglar.
And the Chronicle, under the heading, "The Vice Trust": What are
people to
think when nameless and almost invisible parties go to the
purlieus of vice in
a certain locality and give them an option between selling out
and being
closed up by the police; and when, after refusing to sell, they
are in fact
closed up by the police; and when, after being closed up, other
parties take
their places and carry on the same haunts of vice in the same
way without
police interference? People must draw their own inferences, but
there are
those who do not hesitate to say that there is a regular
combination in this
city, with a large financial backing, which does this thing, and
that it can,
at will, cause the police force to shut up certain places of
vice or to
protect them.
Put plainly and simply, the fact is that crime and vice have
been breaking
down orderly civilization in Chicago because the ward
politician, and not the
people, has been able to dictate the administration of law.
Contributed 25 Jan 2013 by Deb Haines
Transcribed from McClure's Magazine, 1907, Volume 29, pages
67-73
